122｜冲突、批评与责任判断（1/2）
人物、职业与影响力 · 冲突、批评与责任判断 · 3 个表达
本课先理解语境，再完成主动回忆和仿写。标准学习时间约 15 分钟；忙碌时只做“一眼掌握”和本课小练习。
进度只保存在当前浏览器。复习时先回忆和重写，再展开讲解。
开始前，用 90 秒主动回忆
不要翻看上一课：写出上节课的一个表达，并尝试造句。想不起来也没关系，先检索记忆，再开始新内容。
1. make an example of sb.
一眼掌握
核心含义： 惩罚某人以儆效尤；拿某人开刀；杀鸡儆猴；通过处罚某人来警告其他人不要效仿
English definition： to punish somebody as a warning to others not to do the same thing
这个短语用来表示某人被严厉处罚，并不只是因为他个人犯了错，而是为了给其他人看，让别人知道类似行为会付出代价。
普通表达 → 地道升级
- 普通表达： The company punished him severely to warn others.
- 升级表达： The company made an example of him to warn others.
语境例句
The company made an example of the manager to show that corruption would not be tolerated.
主动回忆 · 先遮住英文，只看中文，尝试补出目标表达。
迁移输出 · 保留 make an example of sb.，把主语换成你熟悉的工作、生活或社会议题，再口头说一句。
深入理解：用法、语法与易错点
用法说明
这个短语用来表示某人被严厉处罚，并不只是因为他个人犯了错，而是为了给其他人看，让别人知道类似行为会付出代价。
它的核心不是普通的 punish sb.，而是：
- 惩罚具有示范性
- 目的是震慑他人
- 被处罚者被当成“警告案例”
- 常带有权力、纪律、规训和公共表态意味
在人物类话题中，它特别适合写：
- a leader making an example of a corrupt official
- a school making an example of a cheating student
- a company making an example of an employee who broke rules
- a judge making an example of an offender
- a government making an example of a dissenter
比如：
- The company made an example of the employee who leaked confidential information.
- The judge made an example of him by giving him a heavy sentence.
- Leaders sometimes make an example of one person to restore discipline among many.
它比 punish sb. 更有政治感和组织管理感，因为它强调“处罚一个人，给所有人看”。
语境复现
基础句：
- The judge made an example of him.
提升句：
- The company made an example of the manager to show that corruption would not be tolerated.
应用句：
- In large organizations, leaders sometimes make an example of one person not simply to correct a single mistake, but to send a message about discipline, authority, and the boundaries of acceptable behaviour.
对应译文
- 法官拿他以儆效尤。
- 公司拿这位经理开刀，以表明腐败行为绝不会被容忍。
- 在大型组织中，领导者有时会拿一个人开刀，并不只是为了纠正某个单一错误，而是为了传递一个关于纪律、权威和行为边界的信息。
语法与搭配
常见结构：
- make an example of sb.
- be made an example of
- make an example of someone for doing sth.
- make an example of someone as a warning to others
例如：
- The judge made an example of him.
- The school made an example of the students who cheated.
- He was made an example of after breaking the rules.
- The authorities made an example of him as a warning to others.
- The company wanted to make an example of anyone who leaked information.
常见形式：
- make an example of him / her / them
- make an example of the offender
- make an example of rule-breakers
- be made an example of
- as a warning to others
常见主语：
- judge
- court
- school
- company
- government
- authorities
- leader
- manager
- organization
常见宾语：
- offender
- employee
- student
- official
- dissenter
- rule-breaker
- corrupt figure
- troublemaker
说明：
- example 在这里不是普通“榜样”，而是“警示案例”。
- 这个短语通常用于惩罚场景。
- 被动形式很常见：
- He was made an example of.
- 后面常接目的：
- as a warning to others
- to deter others
- 语气常带权力和震慑意味，有时也可能暗示处罚过重或带有表演性。
易错提醒
make an example of sb. 不是“把某人作为好榜样”，而是“惩罚某人以警示他人”。
它通常用于负面处罚语境，不适合普通表扬。
正确结构是：
- √ make an example of him
- √ be made an example of
- √ make an example of rule-breakers
- × make him an example for punishment
这个表达常带“杀鸡儆猴”的意味。
在人物类写作里，它特别适合和：
- judge
- authorities
- discipline
- rule-breakers
- corruption
- deterrence 连用。
近义表达与区别
- come down hard on sb.
- punish sb. as a warning
- make sb. a warning to others
- crack down on sb. / sth.
细微区别：
- make an example of sb. 最强调“处罚一个人，警告其他人”。
- come down hard on sb. 强调“严厉处罚某人”，不一定有示范目的。
- punish sb. as a warning 更直白，但不如原短语地道。
- make sb. a warning to others 意思接近，但较少作为固定表达。
- crack down on sb. / sth. 强调“严厉打击一类行为或群体”，范围通常更大。
更多仿写练习
请用 make an example of sb. 写一句话，描述以下内容：
- 法官重判他，是为了警告其他人
- 公司拿泄密员工开刀，表明不会容忍违规行为
- 学校处罚作弊学生，以儆效尤
仿写提示：可参考以下开头
- The judge made …
- The company made …
- The school decided to …
- He was made …
查看参考答案
- 法官重判他，是为了警告其他人
- The judge made an example of him by giving him a heavy sentence.
- He was made an example of as a warning to other offenders.
- 公司拿泄密员工开刀，表明不会容忍违规行为
- The company made an example of the employee who leaked confidential information.
- Management made an example of him to show that rule-breaking would not be tolerated.
- 学校处罚作弊学生，以儆效尤
- The school made an example of the students who cheated.
- The headteacher decided to make an example of a few students to discourage cheating.
2. rail against sb. / sth.
一眼掌握
核心含义： 怒斥……；强烈抨击……；愤怒抱怨……；猛烈谴责某人、某事或某种现象
English definition： to complain about something or somebody in a very angry way
这个短语用来表示一个人或群体以非常愤怒、激烈的方式批评某人、制度、政策、社会现象或不公正状况。
普通表达 → 地道升级
- 普通表达： The activist strongly criticized social inequality.
- 升级表达： The activist railed against social inequality.
语境例句
Some public figures build their appeal by railing against elites, institutions, or unfair systems, turning private frustration into a language of collective anger.
主动回忆 · 先遮住英文，只看中文，尝试补出目标表达。
迁移输出 · 保留 rail against sb. / sth.，把主语换成你熟悉的工作、生活或社会议题，再口头说一句。
深入理解：用法、语法与易错点
用法说明
这个短语用来表示一个人或群体以非常愤怒、激烈的方式批评某人、制度、政策、社会现象或不公正状况。
它的核心不是普通的 complain about，而是：
- 情绪很强烈
- 语气很愤怒
- 带有公开抨击意味
- 常针对制度性问题、社会不公、政策缺陷或权力行为
- 有时也暗示抱怨很多，但未必能改变现实
在人物类话题中，它特别适合写：
- activists railing against injustice
- workers railing against low wages
- consumers railing against unfair prices
- politicians railing against elites
- citizens railing against corruption
- critics railing against censorship
比如：
- He railed against corruption in his speech.
- Workers railed against stagnant wages.
- The activist spent years railing against social inequality.
它比 criticize 更强烈，比 complain about 更正式、更有公共批评的味道。它适合写那些“有火气”的人物：愤怒的改革者、激进的批评者、不满的群众、尖锐的公共知识分子。
语境复现
基础句：
- He railed against corruption.
提升句：
- The workers railed against low wages and poor working conditions.
应用句：
- Some public figures build their appeal by railing against elites, institutions, or unfair systems, turning private frustration into a language of collective anger.
对应译文
- 他怒斥腐败。
- 工人们强烈抗议低工资和恶劣的工作条件。
- 有些公众人物通过猛烈抨击精英、机构或不公平制度来建立自己的吸引力，把私人不满转化成一种集体愤怒的语言。
语法与搭配
常见结构：
- rail against sb.
- rail against sth.
- rail against doing sth.
- rail against the system / government / injustice
- spend years railing against sth.
例如：
- She railed against the decision.
- He railed against the government’s failure.
- Consumers railed against rising prices.
- Activists have long railed against discrimination.
- The speech railed against inequality and political corruption.
常见形式：
- rail against corruption
- rail against inequality
- rail against injustice
- rail against the government
- rail against elites
- rail against rising prices
- rail against censorship
- rail against unfair treatment
常见主语：
- activist
- politician
- critic
- worker
- consumer
- citizen
- writer
- commentator
- reformer
- opposition leader
说明：
- rail against 后面直接接人或事物。
- 它强调“愤怒地抨击”，语气比 criticize 强。
- 过去式和过去分词是：
- railed
- 常用于公共议题和社会批评，尤其是政治、经济、阶层、制度和不公。
- 它有时也可暗示“持续抱怨、激烈发泄”，所以语气未必完全正面。
易错提醒
rail against sb. / sth. 强调“愤怒地抨击”，不是普通抱怨。
它常用于较严肃或公共性的议题，不太适合小事，比如“抱怨饭不好吃”。
正确结构是：
- √ rail against corruption
- √ rail against the policy
- √ rail against unfair treatment
- × rail about corruption
rail 在这里是动词，不是“铁路”的名词。
在人物类写作里，它特别适合和：
- activist
- critic
- politician
- inequality
- corruption
- injustice
- low wages 连用。
近义表达与区别
- denounce sth.
- condemn sth.
- lash out at sb. / sth.
- speak out against sth.
- complain bitterly about sth.
细微区别：
- rail against sb. / sth. 强调“愤怒、激烈、持续地抨击”。
- denounce sth. 更正式，强调“公开谴责”。
- condemn sth. 也很正式，强调“强烈批判某事是错误的”。
- lash out at sb. / sth. 更强调突然发火、猛烈攻击。
- speak out against sth. 更中性，强调“公开反对”。
- complain bitterly about sth. 更强调“怨气很重地抱怨”。
更多仿写练习
请用 rail against sb. / sth. 写一句话，描述以下内容：
- 这位活动家多年抨击社会不平等
- 消费者强烈谴责公司的定价方式
- 他在演讲中怒斥腐败和权力滥用
仿写提示：可参考以下开头
- The activist railed …
- Consumers railed …
- In his speech, he …
- Critics have long …
查看参考答案
- 这位活动家多年抨击社会不平等
- The activist railed against social inequality for years.
- She spent much of her career railing against the gap between rich and poor.
- 消费者强烈谴责公司的定价方式
- Consumers railed against the company’s pricing practices.
- Customers railed against the way the firm fixed prices.
- 他在演讲中怒斥腐败和权力滥用
- In his speech, he railed against corruption and the abuse of power.
- He railed against corrupt officials and the system that protected them.
3. point a / the finger at sb.
一眼掌握
核心含义： 指责某人；责怪某人；把矛头指向某人；暗示某人应为某事负责
English definition： to accuse someone or suggest that they are guilty of something bad
这个短语字面意思是“把手指指向某人”，引申为把责任、过错或嫌疑推向某人。
普通表达 → 地道升级
- 普通表达： Many people blamed the company’s leaders for the failure.
- 升级表达： Many people pointed the finger at the company’s leaders after the failure.
语境例句
In any crisis, the search for truth can easily turn into a search for someone to blame, and once people start pointing the finger at each other, responsibility becomes a weapon rather than a path to repair.
主动回忆 · 先遮住英文，只看中文，尝试补出目标表达。
迁移输出 · 保留 point a / the finger at sb.，把主语换成你熟悉的工作、生活或社会议题，再口头说一句。
深入理解：用法、语法与易错点
用法说明
这个短语字面意思是“把手指指向某人”，引申为把责任、过错或嫌疑推向某人。
它的核心不是普通的 criticize，而是：
- 指出某人有责任
- 暗示某人有错
- 把公众注意力引向某个“责任人”
- 常出现在事故、丑闻、失败、危机或争议之后
- 有时也暗含“甩锅、找替罪羊”的意味
在人物类话题中，它特别适合写：
- critics pointing the finger at leaders
- the public pointing the finger at officials
- employees pointing the finger at management
- politicians pointing the finger at each other
- victims pointing the finger at negligent companies
- media reports pointing the finger at powerful insiders
比如：
- Critics pointed the finger at the mayor.
- After the accident, many people pointed the finger at poor management.
- Instead of solving the problem, officials spent days pointing the finger at each other.
它比 blame sb. 更形象，也更有新闻报道感。blame 是“责怪”，而 point the finger at sb. 更像是在公共场合把责任指向某人。
语境复现
基础句：
- Critics pointed the finger at the manager.
提升句：
- After the project failed, employees quickly pointed the finger at senior management.
应用句：
- In any crisis, the search for truth can easily turn into a search for someone to blame, and once people start pointing the finger at each other, responsibility becomes a weapon rather than a path to repair.
对应译文
- 批评者把矛头指向了经理。
- 项目失败后，员工很快把责任归咎于高层管理者。
- 在任何危机中，寻找真相都很容易变成寻找替罪羊；而一旦人们开始互相指责，责任就会从修复问题的路径变成彼此攻击的武器。
语法与搭配
常见结构：
- point the finger at sb.
- point a finger at sb.
- point the finger of blame at sb.
- the finger was pointed at sb.
- stop pointing fingers
例如：
- The public pointed the finger at local officials.
- Critics pointed a finger at the company’s leadership.
- The report pointed the finger of blame at poor regulation.
- After the scandal, the finger was pointed at several senior figures.
- Instead of pointing fingers, we should find out what went wrong.
常见形式：
- point the finger at the government
- point the finger at management
- point the finger at officials
- point the finger at each other
- point the finger of blame at sb.
- finger-pointing（名词，互相指责）
常见主语：
- critics
- voters
- employees
- victims
- investigators
- diplomats
- journalists
- opposition parties
- unhappy customers
- public opinion
常见宾语：
- leader
- manager
- government
- company
- officials
- board
- regulators
- old guard
- travel agents
- insiders
说明：
- point the finger at sb. 强调“指责、归咎于某人”。
- point a finger at sb. 也可以，但 the finger 更常见。
- 相关名词 finger-pointing 表示“互相指责、推卸责任”。
- 常与危机、事故、失败、丑闻、调查等语境连用。
- 这个表达可以是合理追责，也可以是甩锅，要看上下文。
易错提醒
point a / the finger at sb. 强调“把责任或嫌疑指向某人”，不是普通指出某人位置。
它常用于负面事件之后，如失败、事故、丑闻、危机。
正确结构是：
- √ point the finger at officials
- √ point a finger at management
- √ stop pointing fingers
- × point finger to sb.
如果表达“互相指责”，可以用：
- point the finger at each other
- finger-pointing
在人物类写作里，它特别适合和：
- blame
- scandal
- failure
- crisis
- responsibility
- accountability 连用。
近义表达与区别
- blame sb.
- accuse sb. of sth.
- hold sb. responsible
- lay the blame on sb.
- finger-pointing
细微区别：
- point a / the finger at sb. 最形象，强调“把矛头指向某人”。
- blame sb. 最通用，表示“责怪某人”。
- accuse sb. of sth. 更正式，强调“指控某人做了某事”。
- hold sb. responsible 更强调“认定某人应负责”，语气偏正式。
- lay the blame on sb. 强调“把责任归到某人身上”。
- finger-pointing 是名词，强调“互相指责、推卸责任”的场面。
更多仿写练习
请用 point a / the finger at sb. 写一句话，描述以下内容：
- 项目失败后，员工把责任指向了管理层
- 不满的游客指责旅行社服务不到位
- 危机发生后，各方不应急着互相指责，而应先查清真相
仿写提示：可参考以下开头
- After the project failed, …
- Unhappy tourists …
- After the crisis, …
- Instead of pointing fingers, …
查看参考答案
- 项目失败后，员工把责任指向了管理层
- After the project failed, employees pointed the finger at management.
- Workers quickly pointed a finger at senior managers after the plan collapsed.
- 不满的游客指责旅行社服务不到位
- Unhappy tourists pointed the finger at unhelpful travel agents.
- Disappointed travellers pointed the finger at the agency for poor service.
- 危机发生后，各方不应急着互相指责，而应先查清真相
- After the crisis, people should not rush to point the finger at each other.
- Instead of pointing fingers, all sides should first find out what really happened.
本课小练习
先独立完成，不要立即查看参考答案。
- 使用 make an example of sb. 写一个关于“经济与就业”的句子；随后换到另一个主题，再写一句。
- 使用 rail against sb. / sth. 写一个关于“城市与住房”的句子；随后换到另一个主题，再写一句。
- 使用 point a / the finger at sb. 写一个关于“文化与社会”的句子；随后换到另一个主题，再写一句。
小练习参考
- 开放答案。检查 make an example of sb. 的结构是否完整、语境是否自然，并比较两次迁移后表达的核心含义是否保持不变。
- 开放答案。检查 rail against sb. / sth. 的结构是否完整、语境是否自然，并比较两次迁移后表达的核心含义是否保持不变。
- 开放答案。检查 point a / the finger at sb. 的结构是否完整、语境是否自然，并比较两次迁移后表达的核心含义是否保持不变。
迁移写作
围绕“冲突、批评与责任判断”，选择一个与你的工作、学习或社会观察有关的具体问题，写一段 80—120 词的英文。至少自然地使用本课两个表达。
写完后检查：
- 表达的含义是否准确；
- 搭配和语法是否完整；
- 正式程度是否符合语境；
- 句子之间是否形成清楚的逻辑关系。
结束本课
回到页面顶部标记“完成初学”。之后按照第 1、3、7、21 天的节奏复习。复习时优先回忆和重写，不要先重读讲解。