085｜日常生活、空间与社会运行（4/4）
公共生活与社会运行 · 日常生活、空间与社会运行 · 3 个表达
本课先理解语境，再完成主动回忆和仿写。标准学习时间约 15 分钟；忙碌时只做“一眼掌握”和本课小练习。
进度只保存在当前浏览器。复习时先回忆和重写，再展开讲解。
开始前，用 90 秒主动回忆
不要翻看上一课：写出上节课的一个表达，并尝试造句。想不起来也没关系，先检索记忆，再开始新内容。
1. jump through hoops
核心表达 · 写作迁移 · 可用于主题论述
一眼掌握
核心含义： 费尽周折；层层闯关；为了达到目的而不得不经历繁琐麻烦的步骤；为了一件事被迫折腾来折腾去
English definition： to do a complicated or annoying series of things in order to get or achieve something
这个表达原本来自马戏团“钻圈”表演，所以画面感很强：为了达到某个目标，你得不断做出一连串复杂、麻烦、甚至有点荒唐的动作。
普通表达 → 地道升级
- 普通表达： Applicants had to deal with many complicated steps to get a visa.
- 升级表达： Applicants had to jump through hoops to get a visa.
语境例句
Many small business owners have to jump through hoops just to complete routine paperwork.
主动回忆 · 先遮住英文，只看中文，尝试补出目标表达。
迁移输出 · 保留 jump through hoops，把主语换成你熟悉的工作、生活或社会议题，再口头说一句。
深入理解：用法、语法与易错点
用法说明
这个表达原本来自马戏团“钻圈”表演，所以画面感很强：为了达到某个目标，你得不断做出一连串复杂、麻烦、甚至有点荒唐的动作。
它的核心不是普通的“努力”，而是：
- 程序很多
- 步骤很烦
- 要求很折腾
- 常常带有不必要的官僚感或人为设置的障碍
在社会文化类话题中，它特别适合写：
- people jumping through hoops for visas
- students jumping through hoops for admission
- citizens jumping through hoops to access public services
- workers jumping through hoops to meet regulations
- small businesses jumping through hoops to secure approval
比如：
- Applicants had to jump through hoops to get a visa.
- Many citizens feel they have to jump through hoops just to receive basic services.
- Small firms are often forced to jump through hoops that larger companies can handle more easily.
它比普通的 work hard to get sth. 更有批评意味，因为它暗示问题不只是“难”，而是“麻烦得过分，而且往往不合理”。
语境复现
基础句：
- We had to jump through hoops to get approval.
提升句：
- Many small business owners have to jump through hoops just to complete routine paperwork.
应用句：
- One of the quiet frustrations of modern bureaucracy is that ordinary people are often required to jump through hoops for things that should be simple, which turns access to rights, services, or opportunity into a test not of merit, but of patience, time, and endurance.
对应译文
- 为了拿到批准，我们不得不费尽周折。
- 许多小企业主只是为了完成常规手续，就得被迫经历层层繁琐流程。
- 现代官僚体系一个不太被高声谈论的挫败感在于：普通人常常不得不为本应简单的事情折腾来折腾去，这让权利、服务或机会的获得，变成了对耐心、时间和忍耐力的考验，而不再只是对能力本身的考验。
语法与搭配
这个短语通常用于以下结构：
- jump through hoops to do sth.
- make / force sb. to jump through hoops
- have to jump through hoops for sth.
例如：
- We had to jump through hoops to get our documents.
- They made us jump through hoops for a simple permit.
- Applicants are forced to jump through hoops to access the programme.
- Citizens should not have to jump through hoops for basic services.
常见形式：
- jump through hoops
- jump through hoops to get sth.
- make sb. jump through hoops
- force sb. to jump through hoops
- have to jump through hoops for sth.
常见搭配对象：
- visa
- permit
- approval
- funding
- admission
- documents
- benefits
- public services
说明：
- 最常见用法是：
- jump through hoops to do sth.
- 这个表达通常带明显的不耐烦、批评或讽刺语气。
- 主语常常是普通人、申请人、小企业、学生、移民等“被程序折腾的人”。
- 也常用于被动含义明显的句子：
- be made to jump through hoops
易错提醒
jump through hoops 不只是“很努力”，而是“为了达到目的而被迫经历繁琐麻烦的步骤”。
它通常带批评意味，暗示流程不合理、过度复杂或令人厌烦。
正确结构是：
- √ jump through hoops to get approval
- √ make people jump through hoops
- × jump over hoops for approval
这个表达很适合和：
- visa
- paperwork
- bureaucracy
- admission
- public services 连用。
在社会文化写作里，它特别适合用来批评制度门槛、行政负担和机会获取的不公平。
近义表达与区别
- go through red tape
- deal with excessive bureaucracy
- bend over backwards
细微区别：
- jump through hoops 最有画面感，强调“被迫做一连串麻烦步骤”。
- go through red tape 更正式，强调“官僚繁文缛节”。
- deal with excessive bureaucracy 更解释性、更直白。
- bend over backwards 不一样，它强调“非常努力去满足别人”，不一定有程序繁琐这个意思。
更多仿写练习
请用 jump through hoops 写一句话，描述以下内容：
- 为了拿到签证，很多人不得不经历一连串繁琐程序
- 小企业常常为了办个手续就被折腾得很厉害
- 公共服务如果太复杂，会让普通人觉得自己被迫层层闯关
仿写提示：可参考以下开头
- Many people have to …
- Small businesses often …
- Citizens should not have to …
- Applicants were made to …
查看参考答案
1. 为了拿到签证，很多人不得不经历一连串繁琐程序
- Many people have to jump through hoops to get a visa.
- Applicants were forced to jump through hoops just to obtain travel documents.
2. 小企业常常为了办个手续就被折腾得很厉害
- Small businesses often have to jump through hoops for routine approvals.
- Many local firms are made to jump through hoops over simple administrative procedures.
3. 公共服务如果太复杂，会让普通人觉得自己被迫层层闯关
- If public services are too complicated, citizens feel they have to jump through hoops for basic help.
- Ordinary people should not have to jump through hoops to access essential services.
2. there is no shortage of sth.
核心表达 · 写作迁移 · 可用于主题论述
一眼掌握
核心含义： 并不缺少……；……很多；……从来不稀缺
English definition： there is plenty of something
这个表达非常常见，也很适合社会评论。它的好处在于：你可以先说“不缺什么”，再转折说“真正缺的是别的”。
普通表达 → 地道升级
- 普通表达： There is plenty of information online.
- 升级表达： There is no shortage of information online.
语境例句
There is no shortage of public discussion about inequality, yet what often remains in shorter supply is the patience to confront the structures that reproduce it and the willingness to accept what meaningful change may require.
主动回忆 · 先遮住英文，只看中文，尝试补出目标表达。
迁移输出 · 保留 there is no shortage of sth.，把主语换成你熟悉的工作、生活或社会议题，再口头说一句。
深入理解：用法、语法与易错点
用法说明
这个表达非常常见，也很适合社会评论。它的好处在于：你可以先说“不缺什么”，再转折说“真正缺的是别的”。
它特别适合写：
- no shortage of information, but little wisdom
- no shortage of advice, but little understanding
- no shortage of discussion, but little action
语境复现
基础句：
- There is no shortage of information online.
提升句：
- In modern society, there is no shortage of advice on how to live better.
应用句：
- There is no shortage of public discussion about inequality, yet what often remains in shorter supply is the patience to confront the structures that reproduce it and the willingness to accept what meaningful change may require.
对应译文
- 网络上从来不缺信息。
- 在现代社会里，关于如何活得更好的建议从来不缺。
- 关于不平等的公共讨论并不少见；但真正更稀缺的，往往是直面制造不平等之结构的耐心，以及接受真正改变所需代价的意愿。
语法与搭配
常见结构：
- there is no shortage of sth.
- there is no shortage of sth., but …
例如：
- There is no shortage of opinion.
- There is no shortage of data, but interpretation is harder.
- There is no shortage of talent in the city.
易错提醒
这个表达本身是中性的，但常常在后半句接批评或反转，所以很好用来做评论句。
近义表达与区别
- there is plenty of
- sth. is abundant
- there is a wealth of
细微区别：
- there is no shortage of sth. 最自然，也最适合后面接反转。
- there is plenty of 更普通。
- sth. is abundant 更书面。
- there is a wealth of 更偏褒义和丰富感。
更多仿写练习
请用 there is no shortage of sth. 写一句话，描述以下内容：
- 现在网络上不缺信息
- 关于成功的建议很多，但真正的理解更少
- 公众讨论很多，但真正落实的行动不够
仿写提示：可参考以下开头
- There is no shortage of …
- In public life, there is no shortage of …
- There is no shortage of advice, but …
查看参考答案
1. 现在网络上不缺信息
- There is no shortage of information online.
- In the digital age, there is no shortage of content.
2. 关于成功的建议很多，但真正的理解更少
- There is no shortage of advice about success, but understanding is rarer.
- There is no shortage of guidance, yet much less wisdom.
3. 公众讨论很多，但真正落实的行动不够
- There is no shortage of public discussion, but action remains limited.
- There is no shortage of debate, though meaningful change is harder to find.
3. be hard-pressed to do sth.
核心表达 · 写作迁移 · 可用于主题论述
一眼掌握
核心含义： 很难做到……；几乎难以……；很难说……；几乎找不到……
English definition： to find it very difficult to do something
这个表达常用于带一点判断、评论和强调语气的句子。它的意思不是“完全不可能”，而是“很难做到，几乎做不到”。
普通表达 → 地道升级
- 普通表达： It is difficult to find affordable housing in the city centre.
- 升级表达： You would be hard-pressed to find affordable housing in the city centre.
语境例句
In many large cities, families are hard-pressed to find housing that is affordable, stable, and close to decent public services, which is why urban inequality often feels less like a theory than a daily logistical burden.
主动回忆 · 先遮住英文，只看中文，尝试补出目标表达。
迁移输出 · 保留 be hard-pressed to do sth.，把主语换成你熟悉的工作、生活或社会议题，再口头说一句。
深入理解：用法、语法与易错点
用法说明
这个表达常用于带一点判断、评论和强调语气的句子。它的意思不是“完全不可能”，而是“很难做到，几乎做不到”。
它特别适合写：
- be hard-pressed to find affordable housing
- be hard-pressed to deny the problem
- be hard-pressed to name a better example
语境复现
基础句：
- You would be hard-pressed to find a quieter place in the city.
提升句：
- Many young workers are hard-pressed to balance ambition with rest.
应用句：
- In many large cities, families are hard-pressed to find housing that is affordable, stable, and close to decent public services, which is why urban inequality often feels less like a theory than a daily logistical burden.
对应译文
- 你很难在这座城市里找到比这里更安静的地方。
- 许多年轻职场人都很难在上进和休息之间取得平衡。
- 在许多大城市里，家庭几乎很难找到既负担得起、又稳定、还靠近像样公共服务的住房；也正因如此，城市不平等更像一种日常后勤负担，而不只是抽象理论。
语法与搭配
常见结构：
- be hard-pressed to do sth.
- would be hard-pressed to do sth.
例如：
- You would be hard-pressed to find a better example.
- Officials are hard-pressed to deny the evidence.
- Many families are hard-pressed to save money.
易错提醒
它不是字面“被压得很厉害”，而是固定表达，表示“很难做到”。常带一点书面判断色彩。
近义表达与区别
- struggle to do sth.
- find it difficult to do sth.
- be unable to easily do sth.
细微区别：
- be hard-pressed to do sth. 更有评论感，强调“几乎难以做到”。
- struggle to do sth. 更偏过程性的挣扎。
- find it difficult to do sth. 最直接。
- be unable to easily do sth. 更解释性。
更多仿写练习
请用 be hard-pressed to do sth. 写一句话，描述以下内容：
- 现在在市中心很难找到便宜住房
- 官员很难否认这个问题已经严重
- 年轻人很难同时兼顾上进和休息
仿写提示：可参考以下开头
- You would be hard-pressed to …
- Officials would be hard-pressed to …
- Many young people are hard-pressed to …
查看参考答案
1. 现在在市中心很难找到便宜住房
- You would be hard-pressed to find affordable housing in the city centre.
- Families are hard-pressed to find low-cost flats in central areas.
2. 官员很难否认这个问题已经严重
- Officials would be hard-pressed to deny the seriousness of the issue.
- Public leaders are hard-pressed to ignore the scale of the crisis.
3. 年轻人很难同时兼顾上进和休息
- Many young people are hard-pressed to balance ambition with rest.
- Young workers are hard-pressed to pursue success without burnout.
本课小练习
先独立完成，不要立即查看参考答案。
- 使用 jump through hoops 写一个关于“城市与住房”的句子；随后换到另一个主题，再写一句。
- 使用 there is no shortage of sth. 写一个关于“科学与技术”的句子；随后换到另一个主题，再写一句。
- 使用 be hard-pressed to do sth. 写一个关于“城市与住房”的句子；随后换到另一个主题，再写一句。
小练习参考
- 开放答案。检查 jump through hoops 的结构是否完整、语境是否自然，并比较两次迁移后表达的核心含义是否保持不变。
- 开放答案。检查 there is no shortage of sth. 的结构是否完整、语境是否自然，并比较两次迁移后表达的核心含义是否保持不变。
- 开放答案。检查 be hard-pressed to do sth. 的结构是否完整、语境是否自然，并比较两次迁移后表达的核心含义是否保持不变。
迁移写作
围绕“日常生活、空间与社会运行”，选择一个与你的工作、学习或社会观察有关的具体问题，写一段 80—120 词的英文。至少自然地使用本课两个表达。
写完后检查：
- 表达的含义是否准确；
- 搭配和语法是否完整；
- 正式程度是否符合语境；
- 句子之间是否形成清楚的逻辑关系。
单元复盘
这是“日常生活、空间与社会运行”单元的最后一课。不要重新通读笔记，先完成主动回忆：
- 写出本单元你最想保留的 5 个表达；
- 每个表达写一个与自己有关的句子；
- 选择其中 3 个，写一段 120—150 词的短文；
- 检查语义、搭配、语气和段落逻辑。
结束本课
回到页面顶部标记“完成初学”。之后按照第 1、3、7、21 天的节奏复习。复习时优先回忆和重写，不要先重读讲解。