---
url: https://gaojian.site/new-concept/book-4/46-hobbies.md
description: 新概念英语第四册：Hobbies。精读、词块回忆、双向译练、句法、逻辑与FSRS复习。
---

# 46 · 业余爱好

### 第1段

A gifted American psychologist has said, "Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go." It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition. The stronger the will, the more futile the task. One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp. And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins.
The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of the first importance to a public man. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process. The seeds must be carefully chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed.
To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: "I will take an interest in this or that." Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet get hardly any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual labourer, tired out with a hard week's sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.
As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire—for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation. In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion. For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path.
It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one. Of these the former are the majority. They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. But Fortune's favoured children belong to the second class. Their life is a natural harmony. For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays, when they come, are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation. Yet to both classes, the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds.

中文理解：一位很有才华的美国心理学家说过：“忧虑是情绪的一阵痉挛；头脑抓住某件事，就不肯松手。”处在这种状态时，与自己的头脑讲道理是没用的。意志越强，这样做越是徒劳。你只能轻轻地把另一件事引入其中，替换掉它紧抓不放的东西。如果选得合适，另一个兴趣领域又确实给人带来启发，原先那种过分的纠缠就会逐渐松开，而且往往很快；恢复和修整的过程，也随之开始。
因此，对公众人物来说，培养一种爱好和新的兴趣，是头等重要的事。不过，这既非一日之功，也不能只凭一声意志的号令就仓促办成。培养其他精神兴趣，是一个漫长的过程。要想在需要时随手摘到令人恢复活力的果实，就必须精心选种，把种子播在好土壤里，再勤加照料。
要真正幸福、安稳，一个人至少应有两三种爱好，而且都得是真心喜欢的。到了晚年才开始说“我要对这个、那个感兴趣”，是没有用的；这种尝试只会让精神更加吃力。一个人或许能积累大量与日常工作无关的知识，却几乎得不到益处或慰藉。只是去做喜欢的事还不够，你得真正喜欢自己正在做的事。大体说来，人可以分成三类：累得要死的、愁得要死的、闲得无聊透顶的。一个体力劳动者辛苦流汗干了一周，星期六下午再给他安排一场足球或棒球比赛，并不能起到休息的作用。同样，政治人物、专业人士或商人已经为大事操劳、担忧了六天，到周末再请他们为琐事忙碌、烦心，也无济于事。
至于那些想要什么就能得到什么、任何一时兴起的念头都能满足、几乎一切欲望都能实现的不幸者，新的乐趣、新的刺激，不过是让他们更加厌倦。他们发疯似的四处奔走，想单靠喧闹和活动逃脱无聊的报复，结果只是徒劳。对他们来说，某种形式的自我约束，才是最有希望的出路。
也可以说，理智、勤勉、对社会有用的人分为两类：一类工作归工作，娱乐归娱乐；另一类则工作与乐趣合为一体。前者占大多数，他们也有自己的补偿。在办公室或工厂里长时间工作，带来的回报不仅是谋生的收入，还有对乐趣的强烈渴望，即使那乐趣极为简单、朴素，也会让人满足。第二类人才是命运的宠儿，他们的生活自然和谐。对他们来说，工作时间总嫌不够，每一天都像假日；真正的假日来了，反而让他们不情愿，因为它强行打断了令人着迷的事业。不过，两类人都需要换一种眼光、换一个环境，把精力转向别处。事实上，越是以工作为乐的人，或许越需要时不时把工作从头脑里暂时放下。

* **a spasm of the emotion**：情绪的一阵痉挛；undefined

* **catches hold of**：紧紧抓住；可说实际抓取或思维纠缠，文中为比喻。

* **let it go**：把它放下；指放手或放下纠结，不总是准许某人离开。

* **argue with the mind**：与自己的头脑争辩；undefined

* **the more futile**：越是徒劳；undefined

* **field of interest**：一个兴趣领域；interest不只知识储量，还涉及真实参与意愿。

* **undue grip**：过度的纠缠；undefined

* **recuperation and repair**：恢复与修整；undefined

* **The cultivation of a hobby**：爱好的培养；原文用名词cultivation说兴趣的培养；例句换为动词cultivate an interest in，强调持续养成，不是临时命令自己喜欢。

* **of the first importance**：头等重要；正式强调重要性，日常very important即可。

* **by a mere command**：仅凭一道命令；undefined

* **fall on good ground**：落在良好土壤上；本课把兴趣比作种子，例句演示字面含义；说自己的习惯时，可平实改为need suitable conditions。

* **at hand**：随手可得；这里指需要时可用，不是手边位置的唯一意思。

* **It is no use**：……没有用；后接doing，不用it is no use to do作为本课主要仿写。

* **acquire great knowledge**：获得大量知识；knowledge不可数，掌握知识不自动得到情绪休息。

* **hardly any**：几乎没有；hardly any 本身带否定意义，不再随意加 not。

* **Broadly speaking**：大体说来；为分类留余地，不把所有人固定塞进几类。

* **trifling things**：琐碎小事；trifling表示不重要，文中与serious things对比，不是指数量少。

* **lay their hands on**：弄到；得到；本课强调欲望对象可轻易取得，不一定真的触摸。

* **In vain**：徒劳地；不是不愿意努力，而是努力未达到目标。

* **in one form or another**：以这样或那样的形式；概括不同形式都可，不能因此省略关键条件。

* **are divided into two classes**：被分为两类；按同一维度分类；into后给分类结果，不是划分所依据的标准。

* **a keen appetite**：强烈的渴望；可说饮食胃口，也可比喻精神需求。

* **a natural harmony**：自然的和谐；undefined

* **an absorbing vocation**：令人全神投入的事业；undefined

* **a change of atmosphere**：换个环境；指暂时转换，不等于永久离职。

* **banishing it at intervals**：不时将它从脑中放下；文中it指工作，意为暂时放下，不是终身放弃。

#### A gifted American psychologist has said, "Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go."

复合句，主句为主谓结构，后面是直接引语作为宾语从句，对于直接引语的宾语从句，我们不予标记.

直接引语是以分号相连的两个句子，第一句为主系表结构，第二句则是并列句，主谓宾结构和（主）谓宾+宾补结构，it 指 worry.

#### It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition.

复合句，it 为形式主语，to argue 为真正的主语.

#### The stronger the will, the more futile the task.

这是 the + 比较级…, the + 比较级…关联比较结构，表示“越……，就越……”。补全可理解为 the stronger the will is, the more futile the task becomes；原句省略了相应系动词，并不能仅凭比较成分在前就称为主谓倒装。

#### One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp.

简单句，主谓宾+宾补结构.

#### And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins.

复合句，两个 if 引导的条件状语从句，一直到 swiftly 为止，均为主谓结构，第二个条件从句中的 it 指第一句的 something else.

主句则为并列句，以 and 相连，也均为主谓结构.

#### The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of the first importance to a public man.

简单句，主系表结构. public man 可指公共人，有一本书叫 the fall of public man，而在这里，更像是公众人物，至少是需要经常面对公众的人，他们的压力比较大，与上一段的精神压力相呼应. 这一点应该是丘吉尔的切身感受流露.

#### But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will.

复合句，主句为主系表结构，后面 that 引导的定语从句为并列句，or 连接两个谓语部分.

#### The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process.

简单句，主系表结构.

#### The seeds must be carefully chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed.

复合句，分号连接了三个并列的句子，最后一个句子包含 if 引导的条件状语从句，为主系表结构，在这个状语从句中，还包含一个 when needed 的时间状语从句，不过省略了 it is.

#### To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real.

并列句，and 连接两句，前句为主谓宾结构，后句为主系表结构. 这里的 real 跟上一段第三句呼应，该句讨论培养精神上的兴趣，这里讲实际上的兴趣.

#### It is no use starting late in life to say: "I will take an interest in this or that."

复合句，主句为主系表结构，it 为形式主语，starting…为真正的主语，后面直接引语为 say 的宾语，所以整个引号都画成了宾语从句，为主谓宾结构.

#### Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort.

简单句，主谓宾结构.

#### A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet get hardly any benefit or relief.

并列句，均为主谓宾结构. 本句意指与工作无关的渊博知识，并不能带来任何好处，进而引出下一句话，应该热爱自己现在所做的，而不是去做自己喜欢的.

#### It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do.

并列复合句，两句以分号连接，前句 it is…doing…结构，it 为形式主语，doing…you like 真正的主语，这一个主语部分里面，what you like 这句作 doing 的宾语，该宾语从句为主谓宾结构.

而 and 后这句就没有这么复杂，只是一个主谓+宾语从句结构，同样是 what 引导宾语从句，为主谓宾结构. 本句是上句论述的结论.

#### Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death.

复合句，主句为主谓宾结构，后面三个定语从句，均为主谓结构. 我在翻译的时候，加了一二三类，符合中文写作习惯.

#### It is no use offering the manual labourer, tired out with a hard week's sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon.

本句的结构跟下句一样，均为 it is no use doing，it 为形式主语，后面的动名词短语为真正的主语. 只不过本句的真正主语之中，包含了一个过去分词作定语修饰 labourer. 本句跟以上三个分类的第一类劳累至死的这类人进行进一步论述，强调体力劳动者在疲惫之后，不适合再以耗费大量体力的活动作为休息，下一句分析第二类忧虑致死的人，强调劳心者也不适合需要脑力的爱好.

#### It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.

复合句，本句跟上句结构上一样，只是上句的定语，本句中为 who 引导的从句，为主谓宾结构. 不过由于 invite 和 offer 的用法不一样，本句的真正主语部分 inviting the politician or the professional or business man 在逻辑上，invite 后面有宾语+宾语补足语的结构. 而上一句整个主语的两部分都作可以视为 offer 的宾语，一个直接宾语，一个间接宾语.

#### As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire—for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation.

复合句，两个 who 引导的定语从句修饰 people，第一个 who 引导的定语从句为主谓宾结构，里面包含了一个 they want 定语从句，修饰 everything，而第二个 who 引导的定语从句为并列句，有两个谓语，由 and 连接.

破折号后面是简单句，主系表结构.

本段接着上文继续讲第三类无聊的人，否则只读本句，会觉得这个人应有尽有，为什么会如此厌倦呢，只因这类属于无聊至死的人.

#### In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion.

简单句，主谓结构.

#### For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path.

简单句，主系表结构.

#### It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one.

复合句，主句为主谓+宾语从句结构，宾语从句为主谓宾结构. 冒号后面的两个 those 均为 two classes 的同位语.

序号 first 后面，一般用 second，而如果是 secondly，建议前面用 firstly. 文豪写作可以随性一点，我们练习阶段，还是规范一些比较好.

本句在上文划分成3 类讨论的基础上，做了新的划分，划分成两类继续讨论.

#### Of these the former are the majority.

简单句，主系表结构.

#### They have their compensations.

简单句，主谓宾结构.

#### The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.

这句的实际结构我在主干结构中做了还原，bring the means and a keen appetite as their reward 才是正序. 这样一来，就是主谓宾+宾补结构.

#### But Fortune's favoured children belong to the second class.

简单句，主谓宾结构.

#### Their life is a natural harmony.

简单句，主系表结构.

#### For them the working hours are never long enough.

简单句，主系表结构.

#### Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays, when they come, are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation.

复合句，由 and 连接成前后两句，前句为主系表结构简单句，后句有一个 when 引 导的时间状语从句，are grudged 是被动，因为平常的节假日自己是不会怨恨的，自然是被人怨恨，为什么呢，as enforced interruptions 原因状语作了说明，因为沉浸其中的工作被强行打断了. 这句话跟着上一句一起方能理解，所以翻译中，上句末尾采用了逗号，因为本身说了每一天都是假日了，那么在中文语境下，为避免歧义，可翻译成真正的假日.

#### Yet to both classes, the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential.

简单句，主系表结构. 主干很简单，就是 of 所带的定语比较多.

教材这里的翻译有些奇怪，这里是针对上面两类人的情况而言，一种工作娱乐泾渭分明，一种满心工作，那么这里两类人要换一下观念 outlook，改变下生活的环境，而不是调节什么气氛，最后是分散下精力，搞点娱乐，而不是 concentration/attention 注意力.

#### Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds.

复合句，主句为主系+表语从句结构. that 引导的表语从句一直到句末，该表语从句的主干是 those are those，只不过这两个 those 都有定语予以修饰.

第一个 those 由 whose 引导的定语从句修饰，主系表结构；第二个 those 由 who 引导的定语从句修饰，主谓宾结构.

这句是跟着前文的第二类工作娱乐不分的人提的建议，所以可以直接说第二类人应该如何.

## 学完这一课

限定情境后，说明一种努力何时可能适得其反。

[Nce · 本册复习台](/new-concept/book-4/review) · [三册选择地图](/new-concept/)

*译文依据整理稿，由本站按中文表达重新校订；解析据吴应时整理资料及首轮审校稿；词伙与练习提示为本站学习设计。原PDF第212—218页，2022年2月第2版。*