--- url: https://gaojian.site/new-concept/book-4/07-bats.md description: 新概念英语第四册：Bats。精读、词块回忆、双向译练、句法、逻辑与FSRS复习。 --- # 07 · 蝙蝠 ### 第1段 Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role. To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions. Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back. The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo. A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships. Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object. A shoal of fish will do this. So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish. With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo. It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles—or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar. 中文理解：动物发出的声音，并不全都具有语言的作用。只要看看蝙蝠回声定位这一非凡发现，就能找到一个例子：声音在这里发挥的是纯粹实用的作用。 要充分理解这一点，得先看看人类近来的一些发明。大家都知道，在墙壁或山坡附近大喊，会有回声传来。这个坚实的障碍物离得越远，回声返回所需的时间就越长。敲击船身发出的声音会从海底反射回来，测出敲击与接收到回声之间的时间差，就能算出该处的水深。船上如今广泛使用的回声测深仪，就是这样产生的。一切固体都能反射声音，而回声会随物体的大小和性质有所不同。鱼群也不例外。因此，从探测海底到探测鱼群，只需要再向前迈一小步。有了经验，再加上改进后的仪器，人们如今不仅能找到鱼群，还能根据回声的特征，判断那是鲱鱼、鳕鱼，还是其他常见的鱼。 人们发现，某些蝙蝠会发出尖细的叫声，再通过接收回声来确定障碍物的位置并避开它们，或者找到作为食物的飞虫。蝙蝠的这种回声定位常被拿来与雷达相比，两者的原理相似。 * **Not all sounds**：并非所有声音；undefined * **serve as language**：起语言的作用；说明起什么作用，不意味着本质完全相同。 * **turn to**：转而求助或关注；按情境可指求助、查阅或关注，不只转身。 * **plays a strictly utilitarian role**：起纯实用作用；undefined * **a full appreciation**：充分理解；appreciation这里是理解，不只是感谢或鉴赏。 * **in the vicinity of**：在……附近；较正式，日常可用near。 * **will elapse**：将会过去；elapse的主语是时间，不说人elapse时间。 * **be reflected**：被反射；在声音与光的语境中指反射；观点语境可能指体现。 * **the time interval**：时间间隔；between说明间隔两端，不是整个持续事件本身。 * **in general use**：已被广泛使用；描述普及状态，与come into use投入使用区分。 * **according to**：依据；随……而变；本句说回声随物体性质变化，不是引用某人的话。 * **A shoal of fish**：一群鱼；鱼群用shoal或school，不说a flock of fish。 * **not only to locate**：不仅能够定位；undefined * **steer clear of**：避开；可说实际避让，也可说避开某种麻烦。 * **feed**：取食；undefined * **compared with radar**：与雷达作比较；比较不代表完全相同，须交代相似的维度。 #### Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role. 复合句，以第一个 and 分为前后两句，第一句为主谓宾结构，第二句为主谓宾+定语从句结构，定语从句为主谓宾结构. #### To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions. 简单句，主谓宾结构，只不过句首的目的状语里面，有一个 what 引导的句子作介词 of 的宾语，有主谓宾结构. #### Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back. 复合句，主句为主谓+宾语从句结构，宾语从句自身为主谓结构，只不过该宾语从句里面包含一个 if 引导的条件状语从句，亦为主谓结构. #### The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo. 简单句，为主谓结构，句首为比较状语. #### A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated. 并列句，两句均为主谓结构. #### So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships. 简单句，so 引导了倒装结构，谓语提前了. 后面 now…ships 的定语，可以看作是 which 引导的非限制定语从句的省略版本， which is \[now] in general use in ships. #### Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object. 简单句，主谓宾结构，后面分词短语作后置定语. #### A shoal of fish will do this. 简单句，主谓宾结构. #### So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish. 简单句，主系表结构. #### With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo. 复合句，主句主系表结构，该句中，not only…echo 是真正的主语，it 为形式主语，而该主语中，有一个 if 引导的从句作 tell 的宾语. if 句亦为主系表结构. #### It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles—or locate flying insects on which they feed. 复合句，主句为 that 引导的主语从句到句末. 在该主语从句中，由第一个 and 连接两个并列的句子，by receiving the echoes 是后面这一句的方式状语了，后面这一句有多个谓语，包括 can locate, can steer clear of, 以及 or 后面的 can locate. on which 引导的定语从句修饰 insects. 介词 on 及介词的宾语（介宾）which 在定语从句中，放在句子前是正式用法，非正式为 which they feed on. #### This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar. 复合句，主句主谓宾结构，定语从句主系表结构. 从句的 of which 是修饰 principle 的定语. ## 学完这一课 用Not all纠正一项说得过满的判断。 [Nce · 本册复习台](/new-concept/book-4/review) · [三册选择地图](/new-concept/) *译文依据整理稿，由本站按中文表达重新校订；解析据吴应时整理资料及首轮审校稿；词伙与练习提示为本站学习设计。原PDF第33—35页，2022年2月第2版。*